One partner has a restless night. The next morning, breakfast is rushed, meal plans are skipped, and convenience food suddenly seems much more appealing. It may feel like an individual sleep problem—but new research suggests that poor sleep can be connected to both partners’ eating habits.

A 2026 study published in Annals of Behavioral Medicine followed 204 cohabiting couples (408 people) for three months. Researchers found that poorer sleep quality was associated not only with an individual’s diet quality but also with their partner’s diet quality.

What Does Poor Sleep Have to Do With Eating?

Quick answer: Poor sleep can make it harder to maintain healthy eating habits, and this effect may extend to a partner because couples share meals, routines and their home food environment.

Sleep affects more than how rested you feel. Previous research has linked sleep loss with increased calorie intake, more snacking and greater consumption of foods high in fat and carbohydrates. The new study adds a relationship-level perspective.

What Did the New Couples Study Find?

Quick answer: The researchers found significant “actor” and “partner” associations between sleep quality and diet quality.

The study assessed couples at baseline, one month and three months. Participants also completed a 14-day daily diary about diet-related self-regulation. Poorer sleep was associated with poorer diet quality for the individual and their partner.

Importantly, this was an observational study, so it cannot prove that poor sleep directly causes a partner to eat less healthily.

Why Can One Partner’s Sleep Affect Two People?

Quick answer: Couples often share the same kitchen, meals, shopping routines, schedules and food environment.

If one person sleeps poorly, shared routines may become harder to maintain. Meal preparation may be replaced by convenient options, grocery planning may be delayed, or late-night snacking may become more common.

The researchers suggest these shared routines and environments may help explain the partner association.

Sleep Can Affect Healthy-Eating Motivation

Quick answer: The study found that poorer sleep was associated with lower diet-related self-regulation, including reduced self-efficacy and effort.

In simple terms, when someone is tired, sticking to a planned eating routine may require more effort. The study found similar effects associated with a partner’s sleep quality, suggesting that healthy eating can be partly influenced by the couple’s shared environment.

What Happens to Food Choices After Poor Sleep?

Poor sleep does not automatically mean someone will choose unhealthy food. However, previous experimental research has associated sleep restriction with greater calorie intake, more frequent snacking and stronger preference for energy-dense foods.

A practical example is simple: after a difficult night, preparing a balanced meal may feel harder than ordering convenient food.

The Shared Home Food Environment Matters

Quick answer: What is available at home can influence what both partners eat.

If one partner regularly brings highly processed snacks, sugary foods or convenient meals into the home, the other partner is exposed to the same choices.

That does not mean one partner is responsible for another person’s diet. Instead, it highlights how shared environments can support—or make it harder to maintain—healthy habits.

Can Couples Improve Their Eating Habits Together?

Yes. Rather than treating sleep and nutrition as completely separate issues, couples can create shared routines.

Try:

• Planning meals together
• Keeping nutritious snacks available
• Preparing simple meals in advance
• Setting consistent sleep and wake times
• Limiting late-night eating
• Creating a relaxing bedtime routine
• Supporting each other without blame

Small changes can make healthy choices easier for both people.

Sleep and Diet: A Two-Way Relationship?

Quick answer: Sleep and eating habits are connected, but the relationship is complex.

Poor sleep may influence food choices and self-regulation, while diet, meal timing and lifestyle can also affect overall sleep patterns. The 2026 study primarily examined associations between sleep quality, diet quality and self-regulation rather than proving a direct cause-and-effect cycle.

Does One Partner Need to “Fix” Their Sleep?

Not necessarily. Sleep problems can have many causes, including insomnia, stress, irregular schedules and sleep-disrupting conditions.

The goal should be shared support rather than blame. If persistent insomnia or another sleep disorder is suspected, professional evaluation can be appropriate. Research on partner-assisted insomnia interventions also suggests that partners can provide practical and emotional support during treatment.

What Can Couples Do Tonight?

Start with three simple steps:

1. Protect bedtime: Keep a consistent sleep schedule.

2. Prepare tomorrow’s food: Make healthy choices easier when energy is low.

3. Work as a team: Encourage healthier habits instead of criticizing each other’s choices.

These steps are practical, low-cost and adaptable whether you’re living together in Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru or elsewhere in India.

Couples’ Sleep and Eating Habits: Quick Comparison

Situation	Possible Challenge	Helpful Approach
One partner sleeps poorly	Lower motivation	Prepare meals together
Both have irregular schedules	Skipped meals	Plan simple meals
Late-night snacking	More convenient foods	Keep healthier options available
Poor sleep routine	Shared disruption	Create a consistent bedtime
Different health goals	Conflicting choices	Agree on shared household habits

What Does This Mean for Couples?

Quick answer: Healthy sleep may be worth treating as a shared household priority rather than only an individual concern.

The research suggests that one partner’s sleep quality can be associated with the other partner’s diet quality and diet-related self-regulation. However, researchers emphasize that the observational findings do not establish causation or prove that improving one partner’s sleep will automatically improve both diets.

The bigger lesson is about health habits as a couple. Sleep, food, schedules and the home environment often overlap.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can poor sleep affect eating habits?

Yes. Research has linked poor sleep with poorer diet quality and reduced ability to regulate eating behaviors. The 2026 couples study found associations with both an individual’s and their partner’s diet quality.

Can my partner’s poor sleep affect my diet?

The 2026 study found that poorer sleep quality in one partner was associated with poorer diet quality in the other partner. However, the study was observational and does not prove direct causation.

Why do couples influence each other’s eating habits?

Partners commonly share meals, shopping, cooking routines and the home food environment. These shared factors can influence dietary behaviors over time.

Should couples work on sleep and diet together?

A shared approach can make healthy routines easier to maintain. Couples can coordinate meal planning, sleep schedules and household food choices while avoiding blame.

When should someone seek help for poor sleep?

Persistent or severe sleep problems that interfere with daytime functioning should be discussed with a qualified healthcare professional.

The Bottom Line

Sleep problems may not stay on one side of the bed. New research suggests that poor sleep in one partner is associated with diet quality and healthy-eating self-regulation in both partners.

Rather than blaming one person for unhealthy choices, couples can look at the bigger picture: better sleep, supportive routines and a healthier home food environment can be shared goals.

You wake up after a restless night and tell yourself, “I’ll manage today.” Maybe you reach for another cup of coffee, push through work, and hope the tiredness disappears.

But poor sleep can show up in more ways than simply feeling sleepy. It can affect attention, memory, mood, reaction time, appetite and everyday performance. Over time, consistently inadequate sleep is also associated with several health risks.

For adults, sleep experts generally recommend 7–9 hours of sleep per night. Individual needs can vary, but regularly getting less than you need deserves attention.

What Is Sleep Deprivation?

Quick answer: Sleep deprivation means not getting enough sleep, while sleep deficiency is a broader term that can also include poor-quality sleep, sleeping at the wrong time, or a sleep disorder.

A single poor night does not automatically mean you have a sleep disorder. However, repeated sleep problems can affect daily functioning and overall health.

Practical tip: Look at your sleep pattern over several days rather than judging your sleep from one night alone.

1. Daytime Sleepiness

Question: Why am I extremely sleepy after a bad night?

Quick answer: Insufficient sleep can reduce daytime alertness and make it difficult to stay awake during routine activities.

You may feel like you could fall asleep while reading, watching television, sitting in a meeting or travelling. Excessive daytime sleepiness is one of the clearest signs that your sleep may not be adequate.

Tip: Take unusual daytime sleepiness seriously, particularly before driving.

2. Brain Fog and Poor Concentration

Quick answer: Poor sleep can interfere with attention, learning, memory, decision-making and reaction time.

You might read the same sentence repeatedly, forget small tasks or struggle to concentrate during a meeting. Sleep plays an important role in learning and memory, so a tired brain may not perform at its usual level.

3. Irritability and Mood Changes

Question: Can lack of sleep affect your mood?

Yes. Sleep deficiency can make it harder to manage emotions and cope with everyday challenges. You may become more irritable, frustrated or emotionally sensitive after inadequate sleep.

Real-life example: A small disagreement that normally feels manageable may seem much more stressful after a poor night.

4. Slower Reaction Time

Quick answer: Sleep loss can slow reactions and increase mistakes.

This matters particularly when driving, operating machinery or performing tasks requiring sustained attention. Sleep deficiency can also cause microsleeps—brief, uncontrollable episodes of sleep while you appear to be awake.

Tip: If you feel dangerously sleepy, don’t rely on coffee alone to make driving safe.

5. Changes in Appetite

Quick answer: Inadequate sleep can influence hormones involved in hunger and fullness and may increase food intake.

Sleep deficiency has been associated with changes in ghrelin and leptin, hormones involved in appetite regulation. It can also be associated with greater consumption of fatty, sweet and salty foods.

This may explain why a poor night can leave you craving convenient, energy-dense foods.

6. Headaches and Physical Discomfort

Some people experience headaches, aches, exhaustion or general physical discomfort when sleep is poor. These symptoms can also have many other causes, so they should not automatically be attributed to lack of sleep.

7. Your Immune System May Feel the Impact

Quick answer: Sleep supports normal immune function, while ongoing sleep deficiency can affect how the body’s defenses respond.

That does not mean one sleepless night will automatically make you sick. The bigger concern is persistent or repeated inadequate sleep.

8. When One Bad Night Becomes a Pattern

Occasional poor sleep is common. The concern increases when sleep problems happen repeatedly or interfere with everyday life.

Occasional Poor Sleep	Ongoing Sleep Problem
May follow stress or travel	Happens repeatedly
Temporary tiredness	Persistent daytime sleepiness
Usually improves	May affect work and relationships
Short-term concentration problems	Ongoing attention and mood problems
Often resolves with better sleep	May require professional assessment

The NHS notes that a few nights of poor sleep are usually not a reason for concern, but regular sleep problems can affect mood, appetite, relationships and daily activities.

9. How Much Sleep Do You Need?

Quick answer: Most adults should aim for 7–9 hours of sleep per night.

Sleep requirements vary by age. Teenagers generally need more sleep than adults, while children need considerably more.

The goal is not simply to spend more time in bed. Consistent, good-quality sleep matters too.

10. Simple Ways to Improve Sleep

Try these practical habits:

• Keep a consistent sleep and wake schedule.
• Give yourself enough time for sleep.
• Keep the bedroom quiet, cool and dark.
• Avoid caffeine close to bedtime.
• Avoid heavy meals shortly before bed.
• Limit alcohol before bedtime.
• Use the hour before bed for quieter activities.
• Stay physically active during the day.

Small changes are often easier to maintain than trying to completely redesign your routine overnight.

11. When Should You Talk to a Doctor?

Quick answer: Seek medical advice when sleep problems are persistent, daytime sleepiness is significant, or you regularly wake feeling unrefreshed.

Tell a healthcare professional if you frequently have difficulty falling asleep, repeatedly wake during the night, experience excessive daytime sleepiness, or have symptoms such as loud snoring or waking up gasping. Sleep evaluation can help identify conditions such as sleep apnea and other sleep disorders.

12. The Bigger Picture: Sleep Is Part of Health

Sleep is not simply “downtime.” It supports brain function, physical health, metabolism, immune function and cardiovascular health. Persistent sleep deficiency is associated with increased risks of conditions including obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease and stroke.

The important distinction is that association with poor sleep does not mean every health problem is caused by one sleepless night. Long-term patterns and individual health factors matter.

The Bottom Line

A sleepless night can have many faces: sleepiness, brain fog, irritability, slower reactions, appetite changes and reduced concentration.

One bad night may simply mean you need to recover. But if poor sleep becomes a regular part of life, don’t normalize it.

Better sleep isn’t a luxury—it is part of taking care of your health.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the common signs of sleep deprivation?
Common signs include daytime sleepiness, difficulty concentrating, slower reactions, memory problems, irritability and reduced ability to manage everyday tasks.

How many hours should adults sleep?
Adults generally need around 7–9 hours of sleep per night. Individual sleep needs can vary.

Can one sleepless night affect concentration?
Yes. Even short-term sleep loss can affect attention, learning, reaction time and decision-making.

Can poor sleep affect appetite?
Yes. Sleep deficiency can affect hormones involved in hunger and fullness and has been associated with increased food consumption.

When should I see a doctor about poor sleep?
Consider speaking with a healthcare professional if sleep problems are frequent, you regularly feel unrefreshed, or significant daytime sleepiness interferes with daily life.

A routine MRI scan is usually ordered to look at disease activity. But could the same scan reveal something else about a patient’s health—such as how much muscle and body fat they have?

New research suggests it may be possible. Scientists at The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research developed an artificial-intelligence pipeline that can analyze routinely acquired whole-body MRI scans in people with multiple myeloma and automatically measure body-composition features.

The findings are promising, but they should be understood as research rather than a new standalone diagnostic or treatment tool.

What Is Multiple Myeloma?

Multiple myeloma is a blood cancer involving abnormal plasma cells in the bone marrow. Treatment can involve multiple lines of therapy over time, making a patient’s overall physical condition and resilience important considerations.

Multiple myeloma can affect people differently, and researchers are increasingly studying factors beyond the cancer itself—including muscle and fat composition—to better understand outcomes.

Why Does Body Composition Matter?

Body composition describes the amount and distribution of tissues such as skeletal muscle and body fat. It can provide information that body weight or BMI alone may not capture.

For example, two people can have the same BMI but very different amounts of muscle and visceral fat. Previous research in multiple myeloma has found associations between measures such as sarcopenia, muscle quality and adipose tissue and clinical outcomes, although results have not always been consistent.

How Can AI Analyze an MRI?

AI can be trained to identify and segment different tissues in medical images automatically. In the new MRI study, a deep-learning pipeline was used to extract quantitative body-composition measurements from routinely acquired whole-body MRI scans. (PubMed)

The process can be viewed simply:

1. A patient undergoes a clinically indicated whole-body MRI.
2. AI analyzes the images.
3. The system identifies relevant tissues.
4. Muscle and fat measurements are calculated.
5. Researchers can compare these measurements with clinical outcomes.

This approach is important because it may allow researchers to obtain additional information from scans that are already being performed.

What Did the New MRI Study Find?

The researchers observed changes in muscle and fat during treatment, and some baseline body-composition measures were associated with progression-free survival.

The study found a decrease in abdominal skeletal muscle during treatment, alongside temporary increases in abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue. Greater abdominal skeletal muscle reserves and greater subcutaneous adipose tissue at baseline were associated with better progression-free survival. In contrast, increasing visceral adipose tissue over time was associated with poorer progression-free survival.

These are associations, not proof that changing muscle or fat directly causes better or worse cancer outcomes.

What Is Sarcopenia?

Sarcopenia refers to reduced muscle mass, muscle quality or strength. It can be particularly relevant when studying older adults and people undergoing demanding cancer treatments.

Earlier multiple myeloma research has also explored AI-assisted identification of sarcopenia from CT imaging. One study found that CT-identified sarcopenia was independently associated with survival in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma.

However, other studies have reported different findings, showing why larger prospective studies are needed.

MRI vs CT for Body Composition

Feature	MRI	CT
Radiation	No ionizing radiation	Uses ionizing radiation
Tissue information	Strong soft-tissue contrast	Strong anatomical and tissue-density information
AI analysis	Can automate tissue segmentation	Can automate tissue segmentation
Multiple myeloma research	Emerging opportunity	More established research base
Routine use	Depends on clinical indication	Often available from existing scans

CT-based AI body-composition analysis has already been investigated in multiple myeloma. A 2025 study of 91 patients found that AI-derived body-composition measures could contribute to patient stratification, although the authors emphasized that more research is needed.

Why Is AI Useful Here?

AI can turn visual information from medical images into measurable data. Instead of relying only on a clinician’s visual assessment, automated segmentation can quantify muscle, subcutaneous fat, visceral fat and other tissues.

This could potentially make body-composition analysis more scalable and reproducible across large datasets.

Could Routine MRI Become a New Risk Tool?

Possibly, but the evidence is still developing. The 2026 MRI study reported a concordance index of 0.725 for its body-composition-based risk-stratification approach, suggesting potential predictive value.

However, this does not mean MRI-based AI can currently predict an individual patient’s outcome with certainty.

Clinical decisions still depend on factors such as disease characteristics, laboratory findings, treatment response, genetics and overall health.

What Could This Mean for Patients?

If validated in larger studies, opportunistic body-composition analysis could eventually help clinicians identify patients who may need closer attention to nutritional status, physical function or treatment-related changes.

For example, repeated scans might reveal loss of muscle or changes in fat distribution that are not obvious from body weight alone.

The goal would not be to replace clinical assessment, but potentially to add another measurable layer of information.

What Are the Limitations?

The research is promising, but several questions remain:

• The MRI findings need validation in larger and diverse patient populations.
• Association does not prove causation.
• AI algorithms need testing across different scanners and institutions.
• Body composition is only one part of multiple myeloma prognosis.
• Research findings should not be used to make individual treatment decisions without medical guidance.

Other body-composition studies in multiple myeloma have produced mixed results, reinforcing the need for careful interpretation.

The Future of AI and Multiple Myeloma Imaging

The emerging idea is simple: a medical scan may contain more information than the original clinical question it was ordered to answer.

AI could help researchers extract that additional information efficiently, turning routine whole-body MRI into a potential source of quantitative data about muscle and fat.

For multiple myeloma, this may eventually support more personalized approaches to risk assessment and supportive care—but further prospective research is needed before such methods become routine clinical practice.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can AI analyze MRI scans in multiple myeloma?

Yes. Research has demonstrated that deep-learning systems can automatically extract body-composition measurements from routinely acquired whole-body MRI scans in multiple myeloma patients.

Can MRI show muscle and body fat?

Yes. MRI provides detailed soft-tissue information, and AI can be used to identify and quantify different tissues within whole-body scans.

Does low muscle mass mean worse multiple myeloma?

Not necessarily. Research has found associations between muscle-related measures and outcomes, but findings vary between studies. Low muscle mass should not be interpreted as an individual prognosis.

Can AI predict multiple myeloma outcomes?

AI-based body-composition analysis shows potential for risk stratification, but it is not currently a standalone method for predicting an individual patient’s outcome.

Is AI replacing doctors in MRI analysis?

No. AI research in this area is intended to assist image analysis and extract quantitative information. Clinical interpretation and treatment decisions remain the responsibility of qualified healthcare professionals.

Conclusion

AI analysis of MRI scans could give researchers and clinicians a new way to understand muscle and body fat in multiple myeloma. The latest research suggests that body composition changes during treatment may be linked with progression-free survival, but these findings require further validation.

The bigger opportunity is not simply “AI reading an MRI.” It is turning routine medical images into additional, measurable information that could support more personalized cancer care.

For many women, the late 30s are filled with work, family responsibilities and long-term plans. Heart health may not be high on that list—especially when there are no obvious symptoms.

But cardiovascular health is shaped over many years. The transition toward menopause can bring changes in blood pressure, cholesterol, blood sugar, body composition and vascular health. The American Heart Association (AHA) describes the menopause transition as an important period for earlier cardiovascular prevention.

That does not mean every woman in her late 30s is suddenly at high risk of heart disease. Rather, it is a useful time to understand your risk factors and build habits that protect heart health.

Why Does Heart Health Matter Before Menopause?

Quick answer: Heart disease risk generally rises with age, and cardiovascular risk factors can become more noticeable during the years surrounding the menopause transition.

The AHA reports that the menopause transition is associated with changes in cholesterol, metabolic health, body fat distribution and vascular health. These changes can add to cardiovascular risk.

Practical tip: Don’t wait for menopause to start thinking about your heart. Prevention is a long-term process.

Does the Menopause Transition Affect the Heart?

Quick answer: Yes. Hormonal and metabolic changes around menopause can influence several cardiovascular risk factors.

As estrogen levels change during the menopause transition, women may experience changes in cholesterol, abdominal fat, blood pressure and glucose metabolism. The Indian Menopause Society’s 2026 clinical practice guidance also describes the menopause transition as a potential opportunity to screen for cardiovascular risk and promote prevention.

What Can Change in Your Late 30s and 40s?

Some cardiovascular risk factors become more important to monitor as women approach midlife.

Health factor	Why it matters
Blood pressure	Persistent high blood pressure increases cardiovascular risk
Cholesterol	Higher atherogenic cholesterol can contribute to artery disease
Blood sugar	Diabetes and insulin resistance affect cardiovascular health
Body composition	Increasing abdominal fat can be associated with metabolic risk
Physical activity	Regular activity supports cardiovascular and metabolic health
Smoking/tobacco	A major modifiable cardiovascular risk factor
Family history	Can indicate higher inherited risk

These are established cardiovascular risk factors, and Indian menopause guidance specifically includes hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, obesity, unhealthy diet, inactivity and tobacco use among important risks.

Why Should Women Watch Blood Pressure?

Quick answer: Blood pressure can change without causing noticeable symptoms, making routine measurement important.

A person can feel completely well while having elevated blood pressure. High blood pressure is also one of the cardiovascular risk factors that can become more common during midlife and the menopause transition.

Practical tip: Ask your healthcare professional how often your blood pressure should be checked based on your personal risk profile.

What About Cholesterol?

Quick answer: Cholesterol deserves attention because lipid levels can change during the menopause transition.

Research reviewed by the AHA indicates that LDL cholesterol and other lipid measures can increase during the menopausal transition.

The 2026 AHA dyslipidemia guideline also emphasizes more comprehensive cardiovascular risk assessment, including consideration of LDL-C, triglycerides, lipoprotein(a) and, in selected situations, apolipoprotein B.

Can Lifestyle Habits Protect Heart Health?

Quick answer: Yes. Healthy eating, regular physical activity, avoiding tobacco and maintaining a healthy weight are important foundations for cardiovascular prevention.

You don’t need an extreme fitness plan. Walking, cycling, swimming, strength training or other activities you enjoy can help make physical activity sustainable.

For diet, focus on vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, nuts, seeds and appropriate protein sources while limiting highly processed foods and excess added sugar.

Does Family History Matter?

Quick answer: Yes. A family history of premature cardiovascular disease can increase your risk.

Some risk factors cannot be changed, including age, sex and family history. Others—such as smoking, physical inactivity and unhealthy dietary patterns—can be modified.

Practical tip: Tell your doctor if a close family member developed heart disease at a relatively young age.

What About Early Menopause?

Quick answer: Earlier menopause is associated with higher long-term cardiovascular risk and deserves discussion with a healthcare professional.

The AHA notes that women experiencing menopause at an earlier age have greater cardiovascular risk. Research has also associated premature menopause before age 40 with increased lifetime coronary heart disease risk.

This association does not mean early menopause automatically causes heart disease. It is a reason to pay closer attention to cardiovascular risk factors.

Should Women in Their Late 30s Get Heart Checks?

Quick answer: Cardiovascular screening should be personalized rather than based on age alone.

A healthcare professional can consider your blood pressure, cholesterol, blood sugar, weight, smoking status, family history, pregnancy history and other medical factors when deciding what needs monitoring.

The AHA recommends cardiovascular risk assessment throughout adulthood and identifies perimenopause as an important opportunity to reassess risk and encourage prevention.

What Can Women Start Doing Today?

A simple heart-health checklist:

• Check your blood pressure regularly.
• Know your cholesterol and blood-sugar status.
• Stay physically active.
• Choose a balanced, minimally processed diet.
• Avoid smoking and tobacco.
• Maintain a healthy weight where appropriate.
• Prioritize sleep and stress management.
• Know your family history.
• Discuss early or unusual menopause symptoms with your healthcare professional.

When Should You Seek Medical Help?

Heart symptoms should never be dismissed simply because you are young or premenopausal. Seek urgent medical attention for symptoms such as chest pressure or pain, severe shortness of breath, fainting, or sudden symptoms involving the arm, jaw or upper body.

Women can experience cardiovascular disease differently, so concerning or unusual symptoms deserve medical evaluation.

Heart Health Before Menopause: The Bottom Line

Heart health in your late 30s is about prevention, not panic. The years before and around menopause can bring meaningful changes in cardiovascular and metabolic health, making it a useful time to know your numbers and strengthen healthy habits.

You don’t have to wait for menopause to care about your heart. The habits you build today can become part of your long-term heart-health strategy.

Frequently Asked Questions About Women’s Heart Health

Can heart health change before menopause?

Yes. Cardiovascular risk factors can change during the years surrounding the menopause transition, including cholesterol, blood pressure, body composition and metabolic health.

Should women in their late 30s check their blood pressure?

Regular blood-pressure monitoring is useful throughout adulthood. How often you should check it depends on your readings and individual risk factors.

Does menopause increase heart disease risk?

Cardiovascular risk generally increases around and after menopause, with hormonal and metabolic changes contributing to the overall risk profile.

Can lifestyle changes improve women’s heart health?

Yes. Physical activity, a balanced diet, avoiding tobacco and maintaining a healthy weight are important components of cardiovascular prevention.

Is early menopause linked with heart disease?

Earlier menopause has been associated with higher cardiovascular risk. Women experiencing menopause unusually early should discuss cardiovascular risk assessment with their healthcare professional.

Pregnancy brings many numbers into focus—weeks of pregnancy, ultrasound measurements, blood tests and the baby’s growth. But there is another number that deserves regular attention: blood pressure.

High blood pressure during pregnancy can sometimes develop without obvious symptoms. That is why routine antenatal checks matter. Hypertensive disorders, including pre-eclampsia, can affect both mother and baby, but early detection and appropriate medical care can reduce the risk of serious complications.

What Is Blood Pressure During Pregnancy?

Quick answer: Blood pressure measures the force of blood against artery walls. During pregnancy, healthcare professionals monitor it because a sustained rise can be a sign of a hypertensive disorder.

Blood pressure is recorded using two numbers: systolic pressure (the upper number) and diastolic pressure (the lower number). A reading of 140/90 mmHg or higher is an important threshold used in the assessment of hypertension in pregnancy.

Why Does Blood Pressure Matter During Pregnancy?

Quick answer: Monitoring blood pressure helps identify problems early, including pre-eclampsia, a pregnancy-related condition that can become serious if not detected and managed.

Pre-eclampsia typically develops after 20 weeks of pregnancy and may affect multiple organs. It can also increase risks such as preterm birth and fetal growth restriction.

What Is Pre-Eclampsia?

Quick answer: Pre-eclampsia is a hypertensive disorder that usually occurs after 20 weeks of pregnancy and can involve high blood pressure and signs of organ involvement, commonly detected through urine or blood tests.

WHO reports that pre-eclampsia affects approximately 3–8% of women who give birth worldwide. It can progress to eclampsia, which involves seizures and can be life-threatening.

Can High Blood Pressure Have No Symptoms?

Quick answer: Yes. A pregnant woman can have high blood pressure without feeling unwell, which is one reason regular antenatal monitoring is important.

Some women with pre-eclampsia may have symptoms such as headache, visual disturbances or upper abdominal pain, while others may not notice anything unusual.

Practical tip: Don’t rely only on how you feel. Keep your scheduled pregnancy check-ups.

What Blood Pressure Number Is Concerning?

Blood pressure reading	What it means
Below 140/90 mmHg	Generally below the hypertension threshold used in pregnancy
140/90 mmHg or higher	Requires clinical assessment and appropriate follow-up
160/110 mmHg or higher	Severe hypertension and requires urgent medical attention

A single reading should not be interpreted in isolation. Your healthcare professional may repeat the measurement and assess symptoms, urine protein and other findings. WHO identifies 160/110 mmHg or higher as severe hypertension in the context of pregnancy-related hypertensive disorders. (World Health Organization)

When Should You Seek Urgent Care?

Quick answer: Severe headache, vision changes, severe upper abdominal pain, significant swelling of the face or hands, or very high blood pressure during pregnancy should be assessed promptly.

Possible warning signs of pre-eclampsia include:

• Severe or persistent headache
• Blurred vision or seeing spots
• Upper abdominal pain
• Nausea or vomiting later in pregnancy
• Swelling of the hands or face
• Persistent high blood pressure

Do not wait for a routine appointment if you develop concerning symptoms.

Who May Have a Higher Risk?

Quick answer: Some pregnancy factors and existing health conditions can increase the likelihood of pre-eclampsia.

Risk factors identified by WHO include first pregnancy, multiple pregnancy, obesity, pre-existing hypertension, diabetes, kidney disease and a family history of pre-eclampsia. Having a risk factor does not mean that pre-eclampsia will definitely develop.

How Is Blood Pressure Checked?

Quick answer: Blood pressure is measured using a cuff placed around the upper arm. Accurate measurement and appropriate follow-up are important during pregnancy.

Healthcare professionals may also check urine for protein and order blood tests or other assessments when clinically indicated. WHO has also developed resources supporting self-monitoring of blood pressure during pregnancy in appropriate settings.

If you monitor at home, ask your healthcare professional which device, technique and measurement schedule are appropriate for you.

Can Pre-Eclampsia Be Prevented?

Quick answer: There is no guaranteed way to prevent pre-eclampsia, but early and consistent antenatal care helps identify risk and detect problems sooner.

WHO recommends regular blood-pressure monitoring and appropriate assessment during pregnancy. For women at increased risk, clinicians may recommend interventions such as low-dose aspirin or calcium supplementation in specific circumstances. These should not be started without medical advice.

Why Antenatal Visits Matter

Routine pregnancy appointments are not simply check-ins about the baby. They provide opportunities to monitor the mother’s blood pressure, assess symptoms and identify conditions that may need treatment.

This is particularly important because hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are associated with serious maternal and newborn complications. WHO estimates that hypertensive disorders account for around 16% of maternal deaths globally.

What Can Mothers Do Every Day?

There is no single home remedy that replaces medical monitoring. Instead:

• Attend scheduled antenatal appointments.
• Know your blood-pressure readings.
• Take prescribed medicines exactly as directed.
• Tell your healthcare professional about previous hypertension or pregnancy complications.
• Report unusual symptoms promptly.
• Don’t start aspirin, calcium or other supplements specifically for pre-eclampsia prevention without professional guidance.

Blood Pressure in Pregnancy: What to Remember

Blood pressure is one of the simplest numbers to measure during pregnancy, but it can provide important information about maternal health.

140/90 mmHg or higher needs clinical assessment, while 160/110 mmHg or higher is severe hypertension requiring urgent attention. Symptoms such as severe headache, visual changes or upper abdominal pain also warrant prompt medical assessment.

Most importantly, don’t diagnose yourself from one number. Your obstetrician, doctor or midwife can interpret your blood pressure alongside your pregnancy stage, symptoms and other test results.

Pregnancy and Blood Pressure: Frequently Asked Questions

What is high blood pressure during pregnancy?

High blood pressure during pregnancy generally refers to a blood-pressure reading of 140/90 mmHg or higher, assessed according to clinical criteria. It can occur with or without symptoms and requires appropriate medical evaluation.

What is pre-eclampsia?

Pre-eclampsia is a pregnancy-related hypertensive disorder that typically develops after 20 weeks and can involve high blood pressure and signs of organ involvement.

Is 140/90 dangerous during pregnancy?

A reading of 140/90 mmHg or higher is an important threshold and should be assessed by a healthcare professional. It does not by itself tell you the severity or diagnosis.

Is 160/110 blood pressure dangerous during pregnancy?

Yes. 160/110 mmHg or higher is considered severe hypertension in pregnancy and requires urgent medical assessment.

Can pre-eclampsia happen without symptoms?

Yes. Some women may have few or no noticeable symptoms, which makes regular antenatal blood-pressure and other assessments important.

What should I do if I have high blood pressure during pregnancy?

Contact your maternity care team or healthcare professional for assessment. If your reading is 160/110 mmHg or higher, or you have severe headache, vision changes, upper abdominal pain or other concerning symptoms, seek urgent medical care.

Medical Content Note

This article is for health education and does not replace prenatal care or individual medical advice. Pregnancy-related blood pressure concerns should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare professional.

Memorable takeaway: During pregnancy, don’t just count the weeks—keep an eye on the numbers that help protect both mother and baby.

If you are training regularly but wondering why your muscles are not growing as expected, your workout may not be the only factor to consider. Daily protein intake plays an important role in muscle repair, recovery, and growth.

But how much protein do you actually need? Is more always better? And how do you convert your body weight into a practical daily protein target?

For most people who regularly perform resistance training, research suggests that around 1.6 g of protein per kg of body weight per day is a useful target for supporting muscle growth, while commonly recommended ranges for exercising individuals extend to about 1.4–2.0 g/kg/day.

What Does Protein Do for Muscle Growth?

Quick answer: Protein supplies amino acids that the body uses to repair and build muscle tissue after exercise.

Resistance training stimulates muscle protein synthesis. Adequate dietary protein provides the building blocks needed for this process. Protein works best alongside progressive resistance training, sufficient calories, sleep, and recovery.

A large meta-analysis found that protein supplementation during resistance training produced additional improvements in lean body mass and strength, with benefits generally leveling off around 1.6 g/kg/day.

How Much Protein Per Day for Muscle Growth?

Quick answer: A practical target for many adults doing resistance training is approximately 1.6 g/kg/day.

Here is a simple calculation:

Body weight × 1.6 = daily protein target

Body Weight	Approx. Protein at 1.6 g/kg
50 kg	80 g/day
60 kg	96 g/day
70 kg	112 g/day
80 kg	128 g/day
90 kg	144 g/day
100 kg	160 g/day

This is a practical starting point, not a universal prescription. Individual needs can vary with training volume, age, body composition, total calorie intake, and health status.

Is 1.6 g/kg Enough for Muscle Gain?

Quick answer: For many people, yes. Evidence suggests that increasing protein intake above roughly 1.6 g/kg/day does not consistently produce additional gains in lean body mass during resistance training.

That does not mean higher intake is automatically inappropriate. Some exercising individuals use intakes toward the upper end of the 1.4–2.0 g/kg/day range.

The goal is not simply to consume as much protein as possible. The goal is to consume enough protein consistently while maintaining a balanced diet.

Does More Protein Always Mean More Muscle?

Quick answer: No. More protein does not automatically mean more muscle.

Muscle growth requires an appropriate training stimulus. Protein supports the body’s adaptation to that training, but eating extra protein cannot replace resistance exercise.

Think of it this way:

Resistance training = stimulus
Protein = building material
Recovery = time to adapt

All three matter.

When Should You Eat Protein?

Quick answer: Total daily protein is more important than obsessing over one specific meal or “anabolic window.”

Rather than consuming most of your protein at dinner, try to include a meaningful protein source across your meals.

For example, someone targeting around 112 g/day could divide intake across four eating occasions instead of trying to consume it all at once.

Research on protein timing suggests that protein consumed around resistance exercise can support muscle-related adaptations, but the overall daily intake remains a key consideration.

Which Foods Provide Protein?

Quick answer: You can meet your protein needs through both animal and plant foods.

Common options include:

• Eggs
• Milk and yogurt
• Paneer and other dairy foods
• Fish and chicken
• Soy and tofu
• Lentils and dals
• Chickpeas and beans
• Nuts and seeds

For Indian diets, combining foods such as dal, dairy, soy, beans, paneer, eggs, or lean meats can make reaching a daily protein target easier.

Do You Need Protein Powder?

Quick answer: No. Protein powder is a convenience, not a requirement.

If your normal diet provides enough protein, you may not need a supplement. Whey, soy, or other protein powders can simply make it easier to reach your target when food-based options are inconvenient.

The priority should be a balanced diet rather than relying entirely on supplements.

What About Protein for Older Adults?

Protein needs can change with age. Research suggests that older adults may benefit from higher protein intake to support muscle mass and function, particularly when combined with resistance exercise. A systematic review found benefits around 1.2–1.59 g/kg/day in adults aged 65 and older, while younger resistance-trained adults showed benefits at ≥1.6 g/kg/day.

Older adults with medical conditions may have different nutritional requirements and should seek individualized advice.

Protein for Muscle Growth: Common Mistakes

Quick answer: The biggest mistake is focusing only on protein while ignoring the rest of the muscle-building equation.

Avoid:

• Eating huge amounts of protein without structured training
• Depending entirely on protein supplements
• Ignoring carbohydrates and healthy fats
• Expecting overnight muscle growth
• Neglecting sleep and recovery
• Following a high-protein diet without considering existing health conditions

A Simple Protein Strategy

For someone weighing 70 kg, a practical starting point could be:

70 × 1.6 = 112 g protein/day

Instead of worrying about hitting exactly 112 g every day, focus on consistently getting close to your target through balanced meals.

If you have kidney disease or another medical condition that affects protein requirements, speak with a qualified healthcare professional before substantially increasing protein intake.

How Much Protein Do You Need Per Day for Muscle Growth? FAQs

Is 1.6 g/kg of protein good for muscle growth?

Yes. Around 1.6 g/kg/day is a well-supported practical target for many adults performing resistance training.

How much protein does a 70 kg person need for muscle growth?

At 1.6 g/kg/day, a 70 kg person would need approximately 112 g of protein per day.

Is 2 g/kg protein necessary for muscle growth?

Not necessarily. Some exercising individuals consume up to 2 g/kg/day, but evidence does not show that everyone needs this amount for muscle growth.

Can you build muscle without protein powder?

Yes. Protein powder is optional. A well-planned diet can provide adequate protein from regular foods.

Is protein alone enough to build muscle?

No. Muscle growth also requires appropriate resistance training, sufficient energy, recovery, and sleep.

Conclusion

How much protein per day for muscle growth? For many resistance-trained adults, around 1.6 g/kg/day is a practical evidence-based target. Higher intakes may be appropriate for some people, but simply eating more protein does not guarantee more muscle.

The best approach is simple: train consistently, eat enough protein, maintain a balanced diet, and give your body time to recover.

Imagine being able to study attention not only by asking someone to complete a test, but also by observing something as subtle as the movement of their pupils. That is the idea behind emerging ADHD research using eye-tracking and pupillometry.

A new Indian study from IIIT-Delhi, published in Scientific Reports in September 2026, explored whether trial-by-trial pupil changes could provide physiological clues about attention and task performance in children with ADHD. The study included 50 children—28 with ADHD and 22 controls—with an average age of 10.6 years.

Importantly, pupil measurements are being investigated as a research tool, not as a standalone ADHD diagnostic test.

What Is ADHD?

ADHD, or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, is a neurodevelopmental condition associated with difficulties involving attention, impulsivity and hyperactivity.

Attention can fluctuate throughout a task, making it difficult to capture with a single behavioural measurement. Researchers are therefore exploring physiological signals that may complement traditional assessments.

Why Study the Pupils?

The pupils respond to changes in arousal and cognitive activity, making them a potential indirect window into brain processes related to attention.

Earlier research has shown that pupil size can track attentional performance during working-memory tasks, while newer studies are examining more detailed pupil dynamics rather than simply measuring pupil size.

What Did the New Indian Study Examine?

The 2026 study from IIIT-Delhi’s Human-Machine Interaction Lab used eye-tracking while children completed a visuospatial working-memory task.

Researchers examined:

• Differences in pupil variability between trials
• Changes within individual trials
• Task-related pupil responses
• Links between pupil patterns and task accuracy
• Differences between ADHD participants on and off stimulant medication

The researchers found approximately 23% greater residual inter-trial pupil variance in the off-medication ADHD group compared with controls, although this difference did not remain statistically significant after false-discovery-rate correction.

What Does Pupil Variability Tell Us?

Pupil variability may provide additional information about fluctuations in attention and task performance, but it is not specific enough to diagnose ADHD on its own.

In the study, greater inter-trial variability was associated with lower task accuracy in the off-medication ADHD condition. The researchers described pupil dynamics as complementary physiological information rather than a definitive measure of attention.

Does ADHD Change Pupil Responses?

Research suggests that pupil responses can differ between people with ADHD and controls during certain cognitive tasks.

A 2025 study involving **76 adults—34 with ADHD and 42 controls—**found reduced low-frequency pupil oscillations in participants with ADHD. The researchers suggested that pupillary measurements could potentially contribute to future ADHD evaluation and classification research.

However, these findings should not be interpreted as meaning that a particular pupil pattern proves someone has ADHD.

Could Medication Affect Pupil Measurements?

Yes. Medication status may influence pupil responses, which is one reason researchers must carefully control experimental conditions.

In the 2026 Indian study, the on-medication ADHD condition showed an increased relative pupil response during the probe window and reduced inter-trial variance. However, the authors noted that medication effects could not be separated completely from other session-related factors. (Nature)

Pupils and the Brain’s Attention System

Pupil responses are connected with brain systems involved in arousal and attention, including pathways involving norepinephrine and the locus coeruleus.

This helps explain why researchers are interested in pupillometry: it may offer a relatively simple physiological signal that can be studied alongside behavioural performance.

Still, pupil changes can be influenced by many factors, including lighting, emotional state, medication and cognitive workload.

Can an Eye Test Diagnose ADHD?

Not currently. Pupil or eye-tracking measurements should not be used alone to diagnose ADHD.

ADHD assessment involves clinical evaluation and consideration of symptoms, developmental history and functioning across relevant settings. Pupillometry remains an area of research that could potentially complement existing assessment methods in the future.

Why This Research Matters in India

Research from IIIT-Delhi, New Delhi, adds an important Indian contribution to the growing international literature on ADHD, attention and eye-tracking.

The study is particularly interesting because it moves beyond simply asking whether pupils are larger or smaller. It examines how pupil responses vary from trial to trial, potentially providing more detailed information about fluctuations in cognitive performance. (Nature)

What Could Happen Next?

Future studies may investigate larger and more diverse populations, different age groups, longer follow-up periods and how pupil measurements perform alongside established clinical assessments.

The goal would not necessarily be to replace clinical diagnosis, but potentially to develop objective, complementary measures that help researchers better understand attention and treatment-related changes.

Key Takeaway

Your pupils cannot currently diagnose ADHD, but they may provide researchers with valuable clues about attention and brain activity.

The new Indian study suggests that trial-level pupil dynamics can provide complementary information about attention-related variability and task performance in children with ADHD. More research is needed before such measurements can become part of routine clinical assessment.

ADHD and the Brain: Frequently Asked Questions

Can pupil size indicate ADHD?
Pupil responses may differ in ADHD research, but pupil size alone cannot diagnose ADHD.

What is pupillometry?
Pupillometry is the measurement of pupil size and movement, often using specialised eye-tracking equipment.

What did the Indian ADHD study find?
The 2026 IIIT-Delhi study found that trial-level pupil dynamics provided complementary information about variability and task performance in children with ADHD.

Can eye tracking replace an ADHD assessment?
No. Eye tracking and pupillometry are research tools and should not replace a comprehensive clinical ADHD evaluation.

Does ADHD medication affect pupil responses?
The 2026 study found differences in pupil dynamics between on- and off-medication conditions, although the researchers noted that medication effects could not be fully separated from other session effects.

For years, the term PCOS—polycystic ovary syndrome—has shaped how people think about a complex health condition. But in May 2026, a global consensus process introduced a new name: Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS). The change is designed to better reflect the condition’s hormonal, metabolic and ovarian features rather than suggesting that it is primarily about ovarian cysts.

What Is PMOS?

PMOS is the new name for the condition previously known as PCOS. It is a complex endocrine and metabolic condition that can affect reproductive health, metabolism, weight, skin and mental health. It affects approximately 1 in 8 women globally, or more than 170 million women.

The name change does not mean that people have developed a new condition. Rather, it is an effort to describe the same condition more accurately.

Why Was PCOS Renamed PMOS?

The word “polycystic” created confusion because ovarian cysts are not required for diagnosis. The previous name could also make the condition appear to be focused mainly on the ovaries.

The new name highlights three broader areas:

Term	What it highlights
Polyendocrine	Multiple hormonal and endocrine pathways
Metabolic	Metabolism and related health factors
Ovarian	Ovarian and reproductive features

The global consensus process involved patients, healthcare professionals and 56 organisations, with thousands of responses and multiple workshops.

Does the Name Change the Diagnosis?

No. The name has changed, but the established diagnostic and management approach has not suddenly changed. The updated international guideline describes PMOS as the new terminology for the condition formerly called PCOS, with a transition period for implementation.

This means someone who previously received a PCOS diagnosis does not need to assume that their diagnosis has become invalid simply because the terminology has changed.

What Symptoms Can PMOS Involve?

PMOS can present differently from one person to another. Common features can include:

• Irregular or absent menstrual cycles
• Signs of higher androgen levels
• Acne or increased facial/body hair
• Difficulties with ovulation or fertility
• Weight and metabolic concerns
• Skin-related changes
• Mental-health impacts

Not everyone experiences the same combination of symptoms, which is one reason a broader approach to care is important.

Why Does PMOS Encourage Holistic Care?

PMOS is not simply an ovarian issue. Its broader endocrine and metabolic features mean that healthcare may involve attention to several aspects of a person’s health.

Depending on individual symptoms and needs, care may involve professionals such as:

• Gynaecologists
• Endocrinologists
• Dietitians or nutrition professionals
• Dermatologists
• Mental-health professionals
• Fertility specialists
• Primary-care doctors

The updated international guideline is designed around shared decision-making and multidisciplinary expertise.

What Does Holistic PMOS Care Look Like?

A practical approach may include assessing menstrual health, hormonal symptoms, metabolic health, nutrition, physical activity, mental wellbeing and reproductive goals rather than focusing on just one symptom.

Treatment remains individualised. Lifestyle support, medicines and fertility-focused care may be considered depending on a person’s symptoms, goals and clinical assessment.

Does PMOS Mean Everyone Has Ovarian Cysts?

No. The terminology change specifically addresses the misconception created by the word “polycystic.” The presence of polycystic-appearing ovaries is only one possible feature and is not necessary for every diagnosis.

PMOS vs PCOS: What Has Changed?

Aspect	PCOS	PMOS
Name	Polycystic Ovary Syndrome	Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome
Condition	Same condition	Same condition
Main focus	Often misunderstood as ovarian cysts	Endocrine, metabolic and ovarian features
Care approach	Can be fragmented	Encourages broader, multidisciplinary care
Purpose	Established terminology	More scientifically descriptive terminology

What Does the Change Mean for Women in India?

For women in India, the terminology change may help encourage conversations that go beyond periods and fertility. A more comprehensive discussion can include metabolic health, nutrition, mental wellbeing, skin symptoms and long-term health needs.

If you have symptoms associated with PMOS or a previous PCOS diagnosis, discuss your individual situation with a qualified healthcare professional rather than relying on online information alone.

Frequently Asked Questions About PMOS

Is PCOS now called PMOS?

Yes. In May 2026, Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS) was introduced as the new name for the condition previously called PCOS through an international consensus process.

Is PMOS a new disease?

No. PMOS is the new name for the condition previously known as PCOS. The terminology is changing to better represent its broader endocrine, metabolic and ovarian features.

Has PMOS treatment changed?

The name change itself does not create a completely new treatment system. The updated international guideline states that its recommendations and content remain unchanged while terminology transitions to PMOS.

Why is PMOS considered more holistic?

The term highlights endocrine, metabolic and ovarian aspects of the condition, encouraging healthcare professionals to consider multiple dimensions of health rather than focusing only on the ovaries.

Conclusion

The move from PCOS to PMOS is more than a change in terminology. It reflects a growing understanding that this is a complex, multisystem condition requiring individualised and multidisciplinary care.

For patients, the key message is simple: the name is changing, but the person behind the diagnosis remains at the centre of care.